「稅」在日常生活、職場、甚至政治上,都扮演著重要角色。我們日常生活幾乎每天都碰到各種不同的稅,像是銷售稅(sales tax)、進口稅(import tax)、房地產稅(property tax)、遺產稅 (inheritance tax),「稅」幾乎無所不在。最近將進入申報所得稅(income tax)的季節,不過有個好消息,民眾可以開始領取政府普發的6000元,是2022年政府的surplus tax revenue「剩餘稅收」。
本次來學與「稅」相關的英文,這同時也是TOEIC測驗經常出現的單字。
In the previous fiscal year, the government exceeded its tax revenue collection and incurred a surplus. As a result, the legislators passed a bill to issue tax rebates to the public. To claim the rebate, individuals can opt for online registration and have the money directly deposited into their bank accounts. Alternatively, they may also use their ATM cards to withdraw the rebate.
(去年財政年度政府稅收超額,因此立法委員們表決通過,將超徵稅收的部分以退稅的形式退回給民眾。民眾可以透過上網登記的方式,將退稅部分直接存入銀行帳戶,或者去ATM直接領取也可以。)
Tax revenue稅收
名詞revenue通常指「政府的稅收」,對公司行號而言,可解釋為「收益、營收」。若是要講「個人收入」,我們通常不會說revenue, 而是用income,因此每年需要申報「所得稅」是income tax,「稅收」則是tax revenue。
Social media platforms usually rely on advertising revenue to support their operations.
(社群媒體平台通常依靠廣告收入來支撐他們的營運。)
Tax rebate退稅
與稅務相關的另一個單字是退稅,雖然rebate、refund、reimbursement 這些都有退款的意思,但還是有些許不同。 rebate (n.) 通常指「退還部分的款」,而在美國購物時,只要填寫資料或問卷,店家就會再寄送一張寫有折扣金額的優惠券,也稱為rebate。
refund是把商品退回後,將付費金額全部退回, 如果要表達「全額退費」或「部分退費」,可用full refund和partial refund。reimbursement通常用在先替公司付錢後,公司再根據收據或購買證明,核銷費用給你。
After your business trip, please submit your expense report to the accounting department for reimbursement.
(在出差回來後,請將你的費用支出交給會計部門報銷。)
The concert was canceled, and the organizer promised to refund the ticket price to everyone who had purchased it.
(演唱會被取消,主辦單位承諾將票錢退給所有的購票者。)
Tax exemption免稅
exempt可作形容詞或動詞,解釋為「免除義務」,在稅務方面就是指免稅;也可形容學生因符合某些條件,得以「免修」部分課程。因此在徵收稅務時,若符合某些條件可以不用繳稅。
Due to their size, small businesses are exempt from certain regulations.
(由於規模小,小型企業可免於某些法規。)
另一種可以「減免或折抵」的狀況,就不能用exemption,而是deduction或deductible (adj.)「扣抵」,deduct當動詞解釋為「減除」。在報稅時,若有捐款費用就屬於tax-deductible expenses「免稅費用」的其中一種。
Claiming a tax-deductible expense such as charitable donations can reduce your taxable income and potentially move you into a lower tax bracket.
(申報公益捐款等折抵費用可減少課稅所得,並有機會讓你的稅額級距往下降。)
The landlord will deduct the cost of repairs from the tenant’s security deposit.
(房東會從住客的押金中扣除維修的費用。)
Tax evasion逃稅
tax evade為「逃稅」。動詞evade為「閃躲、逃避」,形容詞evasive用來形容人的「言詞閃爍」。
Mr. Schmitt was accused of being evasive when he was questioned about his involvement in the scandal.
(Schmitt先生被問及是否捲入醜聞時,被指責言詞閃爍。)
Tax徵稅
值得一提的是,tax也當動詞「課徵」,也就是impose a tax的意思,名詞是taxation。
The city council is considering taxing sugary drinks to help combat the obesity problem.
(市政府考慮以徵收含糖飲料稅來對抗肥胖的問題。)
【TOEIC模擬試題】
- Individuals who earn less than a certain amount __________ from paying income tax.
(A) exempt
(B) are exemplary
(C) are exempted
(D) are exemption
- The store offered a $200 ________ on the purchase of any home appliances.
(A) refund
(B) funding
(C) reimbursement
(D) rebate
解析:
- 正解為(C)。句意為「收入少於某金額的人可以免付個人所得稅。」本題的主詞是個人 individuals,要符合句意的文法,需要加上被動的形式,故(C)為正確答案。
- 正解為(D)。句意為「店家為購買任何家用電器提供200元的折扣。」本句為單字題,要選擇符合句意的選項。(A)退貨後的退款,(B)資助,(C)核銷退款,(D)折價。故(D)為正確答案。
責任編輯:陳瑋鴻
核稿編輯:倪旻勤